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print the page Introduction
The Central Sub-Committee on the Crop Standards, Notification and Release
of Varieties has released 3 varieties. Also 32 high yielding varieties and
4 hybrids have been released at the State level in 1999-2000.
In an all-India coordinated trial, 25 elite cultures have been found promising.
The genotype RR 151-3 proved very stable under diverse environments. Under
favourable rainfed lowlands, cultures CR 683-195 and CR-683-1 were found
tolerant to iron toxicity. Evaluation of genotypes, led to the identification
of Swarna for low N, Vijeta for moderate to high N levels, Kalmuhi and Bejhari
for rainfed sodic soils of Indo-Gangetic plains and PB 1, CSR 10 and Vikas
for irrigated Zn deficient sodic soils. New cultures RR-272-45 and RR 272-852d
showed promise under bunded uplands. Sabita has been identified as suitable
variety for cultivation in direct seeded and transplanted conditions in
unfavourable lowlands. From the National Hybrid Rice Trials, promising hybrids
identified for further evaluation are HRI 126, EXPH 203, HKRH 2008, POC
713. Five promising cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS lines) PMS 10A, APMS 5A,
DRR 2A, IR 68888A and IR 70362A, and maintainers for the CMS lines in the
background of Oryza nivara and Oryza rufipogon, have also
been identified for commercial exploitation. In frontline demonstrations,
maximum advantage was observed with Prasanna and Krishna Hamsa in Andhra
Pradesh. JR 3-45 and Shyamala emerged as superior varieties in Madhya Pradesh,
and Vandana and Sneha were found superior in rainfed uplands of Bihar. In
the rainfed shallow water system, Krishna Hamsa and Vikas in Andhra Pradesh;
Mahamaya in eastern Madhya Pradesh, RAU 649 in Bihar, Satya and Ranjit in
Assam emerged as the most promising varieties with impressive yield gains
over checks, ranging from 35% to 182%. In semi-deep ecosystem trials in
West Bengal, Golak and Saraswati proved promising, as they gave twice the
yield of check. NLR 22641 for inland salinity and PLN 1 for coastal salinity
were marginally superior to the local varieties. Hybrid rice in irrigated
ecosystem yielded at least 25% higher over their corresponding checks.
Following development and exploitation of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility-fertility restorer system on commercial scale by China, applied research on hybrid rice started receiving some importance in India in 1970s. However, attempts to directly use Chinese hybrids and parental lines (V 20A and Zhen Shan 97A), proved a total failure because to their vulnerability to major diseases and insect pests, poor grain quality and poor seed setting in tropical ecologies of India. These introduced materials were not capable of giving reported yield advantages of 20-25% over the popular high-yielding varieties. Many experts feel that it was the onset of the UNDP-funded project on `Development and use of hybrid rice technology’ in December 1989 gave real impetus to applied research in hybrid rice in India. Ever since, the emphasis has been on identification of stable male-sterile lines well adapted to Indian situations, development of heterotic hybrids using such CMS-lines and multi-location testing for their yield performance. Of seven newly converted CMS-lines, 2 IRRI lines (IR 58025A and IR 62829A) and 3 Punjab lines (PMS 2A, PMS 3A and PMS 10A) have been identified to be relatively stable with high-combining ability. Of the many experimental hybrids synthesized, a few gave yield advantage of 1 tonne or more/ha than the highest yielding check variety. In general, performance appeared to be highly location-specific, and is so confirmed in on-farm trials in farmers’ fields. Experiments on optimization of seed-production technology revealed possibility of raising hybrid seed yield beyond 2 tonnes/ha. The success, however, appeared to vary with hybrid, location and season even under optimum package of seed production. Proper synchronization of male and female parental lines is being worked out but supplementary treatment of giberellic acid with rope pulling has been found effective in increasing seed yields irrespective of location. Identification of potential male-sterile and pollinator lines is also underway. Many new lines combine good panicle and stigma exertion with high percentage of out crossing. Different centres are mandated to develop parent lines and hybrids for different purposes. For example, the CRRI, Cuttack, for rainfed lowlands; the IARI, New Delhi, and the PAU, Kapurthala, for ‘basmati’ quality rice. In the exercise of identification of restorer lines, the varied nuclear backgrounds of CMS-lines are found to affect ability to restore fertility. However, restorers like WGL 3962 showed consistently high degree of restoration and would be of value in commercial hybrid-breeding programme provided such restorers are combined with high-combining ability. Research work on interspecific crosses involving cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and closely related wild/weedy species of A genome (O. rufipogon, O. nivara, O. barthi, O. glaberrima and O. longistaminata) has also been initiated to diversify source of cytoplasmic male sterility. A few promising CMS-lines using O. rufipogon and O. nivara have been identified. Likewise, restoration ability is noticed in accessions of O. rufipogon, O. Saliva f. spontanea and O. glaberrima. In development of 2-line approach to heterosis breeding, a few lines showing fertility-sterility transformation with changing temperature regimes have been identified. Chemical induction of male sterility is also attempted to identify most efficient formulation of oxanilates and their derivatives, which are found equally effective as arsenates but are without carcinogenic properties of arsenates. Initial studies have shown halogen-substituted oxanilates to be more promising. Seeing the overall research progress, which includes release of 4 hybrids in southern states and understandably encouraging progress in the private seed sector, it is considered that problem of plateauing yield levels, with over saturation of irrigated areas with high-yielding rice varieties, will be overcome before the turn of the century. Currently, about 50,000 ha are estimated to be under hybrid rice, which shows that the efforts put in hybrid research and development have started showing tangible results in the ground. Although there is fewer problems of weeds in transplanted rice, sometimes weeds emerge when the soil is exposed to atmosphere, as it is not possible to continuously submerge the crop. Yield may be reduced by 20-40 percent under such conditions. Weed should be removed at 20 days after transplanting (before first top dressing) and second time at 50-60 days after transplanting (before second top dressing). A number of herbicides like Stam F-34, Machete, TOK, Basalin etc. have been found effective in controlling annual weeds of grassy and broad leaf nature. Diseases in rice cause an average 10% reduction in yield. In severe cases, however it can go up to 50-90 percent. Given below is a table of some commonly found rice diseases and their recommended remedies.
A large number of insect pests attack the rice crop right from the nursery to the harvest of the crop. Some of the common inscet pests and their recommended remedies are mentioned below:
However as rice is grown under diverse situations in India. The pest spectrum and management strategies, vary depending on climatic conditions and the cropping system adopted by the farmers. Pest management packages have been developed for different ecologies and cropping systems in the country. These include the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices like raising healthy nurseries, preventive seedling root dip, wider spacing, crop rotation, water and fertilizer management, conservation of natural enemies and need-based judicious use of pesticides. The pest management packages have been tested over large area and field demonstrations have proved their effectiveness and economic viability. In an on farm study jointly conducted by the IARI and the Directorate of Rice Research in Andhra Pradesh, the IPM plots showed higher grain yields (6,680 kg/ha) compared to farmers-practice plots (5,320 kg/ha). The IPM plot was given only 2 need based pesticide applications, compared to 4-6 to farmers-practice plot. Studies have shown that IPM can enhance profits by 20%. Host plant resistance has received major emphasis in integrated rice pest management. Intensive efforts were made to identify new donors and develop rice varieties with multiple resistance to major insect pest problems. Popular brown plant hopper (BPH)- resistant varieties like Chaitanya, Vajram, Sonasali, Jyothi and Bharatidason were developed from resistant donors like ARC 5984, ARC 6650, Manoharsali, Ptb 21, and Ptb 33. Resistant genes from Siam 29, Ptb 21 and Ptb 10 were utilized in breeding popular gall midge-resistant varieties like Phalguna, Suraksha and Abhaya. TKM 6 has been the primary source of moderate resistance for developing yellow stem-borer varieties like Vikas and Sasyasree. As mentioned earlier, several natural enemies, viz. Testrastichus, Telenomus Trichogramma on yellow stem-borer, Platygaster on gall midge, dryindis and entomogenous fungi on BPH, and Trichogramma, Apanteles, Brachymeria, Goniozus, Elasmus and Trichana on leaf folder, were recorded to have significant effect on the reduction of the pests. Inundative fields released of Trichogramma against eggs of leaf folder and yellow stem-borer and mirid bugs against BPH proved promising. Insect sex pheromones were found useful for monitoring of yellow stem borer. Its suppression was possible through pheromone mediated mating disruption by applying controlled release pheromones and by mass trapping. Need-based judicious use of chemical pesticides is a vital aspect of rice pest management. The development of pesticide control methods with minimum disturbance to the ecosystem has therefore received considerable importance. Use of pesticides has been advocated only when pest populations attain economic threshold level (ETL). Indiscriminate use of insecticides has been replaced by need-based use. In the villages covered under the IPM Operational Research Project (ORP), the number of sprays was reduced from 2-3 to almost nil in many situations. Adopting pest management practices, the farmers could harvest an additional yield of 1.5 tonnes/ha during kharif and 3 tonnes/ha in rabi. Also that the problem of insecticide induced resurgence in BPH and leaf folder has been overcome by adopting IPM practices. A number of resistant varieties have been identified for plant hoppers, viz BPH and WBPH (white black plant hopper), for different agro-climatic zones/states. Cultural practices such as timely planting, application of recommended dosages of fertilizers and wider spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm help in reducing hopper population. Release of mirid bugs and need-based insecticide application when BPH and WBPH populations reach ETL are recommended. Raising of community rice nurseries and preventive seedling root dip go a long way in providing initial protection. For yellow stem-borer, use of tolerant varieties, hand picking of egg masses by clipping of the leaf tips, burning of stubbles, ploughing and flooding the field and rotation with non-graminaceous crop is effective. Effective control can be obtained by the release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum @ 50,000/ha/week, 6 times at weekly interval and need-based application of insecticide when damage reaches ETL of 50% dead hearts at vegetative stage and 1 month or 1 egg mass/m˛ at flowering stage. Effective management of rice tungro virus (RTV) is an important achievement. The strategy includes planting of moderately resistant varieties like Vkramarya or Suraksha and pesticidal control of vector, i.e. green leaf hopper in the nursery stage. In the field, early planting of RTV-resistant variety, IET 9994, removal of disease affected plants and control of vector by pesticides, if needed are recommended.Multiple resistance to insect pests: Rice lines identified with resistance are RP 3888-38419 and M 45-20-1 to plant hoppers; JGL 472, JGL533, JGL 2772 and M 45-20-1 to gall midge; T 1477 and ARC 11128 to sporadic pests like Gundhi bug, whorl maggot and rice hispa; JGL 533, KAUM 57-18-1 and MTU 1694 to multiple insects. Putative RAPD marker, OPA 16938, is closely linked to gene conferring resistance to brown plant hopper in an introgression line IR 54741-3-21 derived from Oryza sativa and O. officinalis. This can be used for marker-aided selection of resistance gene against brown plant hopper. Rice germplasm for biotic stresses: Sprays of new insecticides Fipronil granules (75 g ai/ha), Thiocyclam Hydrogen Oxaclate (375 g ai/ha) and Thiomethoxam (25 g ai/ha) were found effective against rice-pest complex. Compatibility studies on insecticides—Imidacloprid, Silafluofen and Amitraz—with fungicides—Thifluzamide, Hexaconazole and Epoxyconazole—against brown plant hopper and shealth blight revealed their compatibility in a tank-mix. At Suryaraopalem, Andhra Pradesh and Karjat, Maharashtra, pheromone-mediated mass-trapping of yellow stem-borer in 1-ha treated area was found as effective as for 5-ha treated area. White ear incidence ranged from 9 to 11% at Karjat and 1.2 to 1.5% at Suryaraopalem in 1, 3 and 5 ha plots treated with pheromones as against 22% and 7.8% in checks at Karjat and Suryaraopalem respectively. Honey dew of leaf-hopper and plant hopper was found to have kairomonal activity to attract mirid bugs. Honey dew of brown plant hopper has the highest N and protein percentage, followed by white-backed plant hopper and green leaf-hopper. Amino acids like glutamic acid, aspartic acid and valine were relatively higher in green leaf-hopper honey dew. Total carbohydrates and also fructose were highest in brown plant hopper honey dew (12.7 mg/ml), followed by green leaf-hopper (11.5 mg/ml) and white-backed plant hopper (11 mg/ml). Ajaya, IRBB 21 and BJ 1 exhibited broad spectrum of resistance to bacterial leaf blight, and pathotypes la and lb and their variants were mostly recorded. By using appropriate STS markers, Xa5 was tagged in Ajaya (IET 88), IET 8320 and IET 14444. Genes Xa4, Xa5, Xa21 and other were pyramided in BPT 5204 and IR 64 to develop fine-grain, bacterial leaf blight resistant varieties. Based on the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), the International Rice Research Institute (Philippines) and Natural Resource Institute (UK) developed a rice tungro virus diagnostic kit. This has been evaluated at the Directorate of Rice Research, and has shown promise in differentiating resistant and susceptible lines in glass-house. Fluorescent Psuedomonas and Bacillus sp., were effective in reducing sheath blight disease severity over control. Capropriamid 30 sc (1ml) has been found effective against leaf and neck blast, and was comparable to Beam 50 wp (0.6 g/litre). Anvil, a new formulation of hexaconazole, and thifluzamide 2 sc (1 ml/litre) were effective against sheath blight. Procarb and copper hydroxide (3 g/litre) were effective against false smut. Other Latest Developments in Rice High Yielding Varieties of Rice Developed by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University: The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University has developed 4 varieties of short-duration rice. Rice ADT 43, Rice TKM 11, Hybrid Rice ADTRH 1 and CORH 2. The ADT 43 gives a 6.0-6.5 per cent higher yield than IR 50, ADT 36 and ASD 18. It was a high amylose content of more than 25 per cent and is resistant to GLH. The Hybrid rice ADTRH 1 gives a yield of 6.4 tonnes per hectare that is 16.8 per cent higher than CORH 1 and 15.3 per cent higher than ASD 18. The TKM 11 is suitable for cultivation as Samba crop in rainfed rice belts of Tiruvellore and Kancheepuram districts. It gives a yield of 3 tonnes per hectare that is 22.6 per cent higher than PMK 1 and 31.1 per cent higher than PMK 2. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University has also developed a number of high yielding varieties of rice suitable for cultivation in Kanyakumari during the Kumbapoo season (Sept/Oct to Jan/Feb). These include long duration varieties, CR-1009 and ADT-40, for sowing during August, medium duration varieties. TP-52, Tp-53, ASD-1 and ADT-39 for sowing during mid-Sept/mid-Oct; and short duration varieties. ASD-16 and ADT-37 for sowing during mid-Oct/mid-Nov. The yield potential of these varieties in research farms was 10-13 tonnes per hectare. In 1997, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University developed the design and released a mechanised paddy harvester. It has also developed and designed a direct paddy seeder that can sow pre-germinated seeds in wetlands without transplanting. The seeder comprises two drum hoppers, two stands, a 600 mm dia internally lugged ground wheel and a handle, all fixed in a framework made from 16 mm dia conduit pipe. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University has developed a short duration (110-115 days), semi-dwarf, non-lodging, blast-resistant variety of high yielding (5,832 kg/hectare) rice CO 47, which is suitable for cultivation in `sornavari’, `kar’ and `kuruvai’ seasons in the districts of Tiruvannmalai, Cuddalore, Salem, Dharmapuri, Coimbatore, Salem, Erode, Dindigul, Tiruchirapalli, Thanjavur and Tuticorin. The Centre for Plant Protection Studies (CPPS) of the Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore is also studying the technique of isolating three genes for controlling various diseases attacking paddy. The first one Chitinage gene, which controls the sheath blight disease, has been successfully tested at the International Rice Research Institute of Manila in the Philippines. The second PR-5 genes, very useful for drought resistant paddy varieties, will be developed in collaboration with the Kansas State University of USA. The third detacification genes are used to control or destroy doxine produced pathogens. The CPPS may apply for international patents for these genes. Paddy Transplanter Developed by the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE), Bhopal: The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal (CIAE) has developed a self-propelled paddy transplanter which does not require farm women to bend down in muddy fields throughout the day to plant the rice seedings. The machine is capable of transplanting eight rows of rice seedings at one go and performs the work of 40 workers in a day. When its production starts on commercial scale, farmers can use it on custom-hiring basis. The CIAE has also developed a riding type multi-crop reaper harvester suitable for harvesting wheat, rice and soybean. Its price is expected to be Rs. 85,000 only against Rs. 10 lakh of a harvester combine. HYV Rice "Sahyadri" Developed by the Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (KKVD), Dapoli: The scientists of Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (KKVD) have developed a hybrid variety of rice "Sahyadri" which gives a yield of 6,500-7,000 kg per hectare and is suitable for cultivation in medium soils and rain fed lowlands in Maharashtra. It gave a yield of 55 quintals against a normal of 18 quintals per hectare by conventional varieties. HYV Rice "Pant Sankar Dhan 1" Developed By The G. B. Pant University of Agriculture And Technology, Pantnagar: The G. B. Pant University of Agriculture And Technology, Pantnagar has developed a hybrid rice variety - `Pant Sankar Dhan 1’, which is suitable for cultivation in the northern region for rice-wheat cropping system. It gives a yield of 6.5-7.0 tonnes per hectare and matures in 150 days. The two variants, Pant Dhan 4 and Sarju 52 presently cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, take 15 days more to mature. HYV Rice "Pusa 677" and "Pusa 834" Developed By the Indian Agriculture Research Institute, Pusa:The scientists of IARI, New Delhi have developed two high yielding early varieties of rice, `Pusa 677’ and `Pusa 834’, Pusa 677 is a cross between Pusa 312 and TKM 9. It gives a yield of 4,700 kg and 7,300 kg per hectare during rainy and winter seasons respectively and is recommended for cultivation in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Pusa 834 is an early maturing semi-dwarf variety. It is a derivative of the cross PR 50/Pusa 33 and gives yields of 7,100 to 7,800 kg per hectare and is recommended for cultivation in winter season in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The scientists of IARI, New Delhi have also developed a hybrid strain of basmati Pusa Hybrid Rice-10 (PHR-10) which is undergoing multi-location advanced varietal trials. If is succeeds it may be commercialised in 2001. It gives 20 per cent higher yield than Pusa basmati 1 that yields 55-60 quintals per hectare. Flood Tolerant Rice "Gautam" Developed by the Rajendra Agriculture University, Bihar: A New flood-tolerant variety of rice called `Gautam’ developed by the Rajendra Agricultural University in Bihar has become very popular with farmers in the flood plains of north Bihar. The high yielding cold resistant variety of `boro rice’ that gives a yield of 6,000 kg per hectare is being sown in more than 1 lakh hectares of land in Bihar. It is planted in the first week of November, transplanted in February and harvested in April. It is suitable for cultivation in semi-deep to mid-deep lowlands where water remains stagnant during November to April. The Other varieties of rice developed at the University include Turata, Prabhat, Saket-4, Pusa 2-21 and IR-36 (suited for uplands), Sita, Sujata, Rajendra Dhan-201, Jaya and Sugandha (for midlands); Kanak, Mahsuri, Shakuntala and Pankaj (for lowlands under favourable conditions), and Sudha and Janki (in deep water conditions). HYV Rice "Super Ponni J18" Launched By Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd. (TAFE): Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd. (TAFE), the flagship company of Amalgamation Group, launched a new high yielding variety of rice `Super Ponni J18’ in January 1998. The variety has been developed from a pure line variety imported from Manila, which under organic farming gives a yield of 1.5 tonnes per acre. Its duration is six months and is not susceptible to most of the pests and diseases that affect other varieties of paddy. Its cost of cultivation works out at Rs. 4,000 and farmer’s net profit is Rs. 5,000 per acre. The company has a research farm at Pudupakkam near Chennai. In the past the company developed table varieties of rice like `Whilte Ponni IR 50’ and `J13’ which are now being cultivated in large tracts of Tamil Nadu. Pondicherry and Andhra Pradesh. At present about 1,000 farmers are reported to be using J18 variety of seed in rice cultivation. Genetically Engineered Rice Tolerant to Adverse Weather Conditions Being Developed By the Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Delhi: The scientists at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Delhi are trying to develop genetically engineered rice that is tolerant to adverse weather conditions and pests. They have identified two genes that help plants withstand stress and regulate growth. One is glyoxalase 1 gene isolated from mustard that was successfully introduced first in tobacco and later in rice. It made the plants tolerant to salt and excess zinc in soil. Extra Long Slender Grain Rice PR –114 Developed By The Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana: The Punjab Agricultural University has developed a new variety of rice, PR-114 which yields extra long slender grains with good cooking qualities. The variety gave a yield of 69 quintals per hectare in research trials. It possesses genetic resistance to bacterial leaf blight disease. Red Rice "Deepti" Developed by the Kerala Agricultural University: The scientists of Kerala Agricultural University have developed a red rice "Deepti" which is resistant to stemborer and leafroller and has a yield potential of 6,870 kg per hectare. It also gives a higher yield of straw, 6,286 kg per hectare against 4,000 kg obtained with other varieties. It matures in 150-160 days. |
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